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TIME: Almanac 1995
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TIME Almanac 1995.iso
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1994-03-25
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<text id=91TT2229>
<title>
Oct. 07, 1991: The 4,000-Year-Old Man
</title>
<history>
TIME--The Weekly Newsmagazine--1991
Oct. 07, 1991 Defusing the Nuclear Threat
</history>
<article>
<source>Time Magazine</source>
<hdr>
SCIENCE, Page 48
The 4,000-Year-Old Man
</hdr><body>
<p>Mummified remains of an ancient mountain climber give scientists
a rare glimpse into life in the early Bronze Age
</p>
<p>By Philip Elmer-Dewitt--Reported by Anne Constable/London and
Angela Leuker/Vienna
</p>
<p> One day a long time ago, a young man bundled himself up
in a weatherproof leather coat, shouldered a crude wooden
backpack, grabbed a knife, a bow and an ax, and headed into the
Tyrolean Alps, which run between Austria and Italy. Up high in
the mountains, at about 3,200 m (10,500 ft.), something happened--an accident, a violent blow--that took his life and left
him to be swallowed by the Similaun Glacier. There he lay,
locked in a crevasse, buried, frozen, forgotten.
</p>
<p> Now, 4,000 years later, he has turned up--virtually
intact and remarkably well preserved--a messenger from the
ancient past. Stumbled upon at the glacier's edge by a pair of
German climbers, the mummified corpse was identified last week
as a rare human specimen from the early Bronze Age, possibly
the oldest ever found in Europe. Although hundreds of Bronze
and Iron Age bodies have been found in the bogs of northwest
Europe, the "Iceman from the Similaun," as he was dubbed by the
Austrian press, is much better preserved. It was a find of
"extraordinary scientific significance," says Professor Konrad
Spindler at the University of Inns bruck, where the Iceman was
flown for detailed study.
</p>
<p> The discovery gives a glimpse into a murky period of
European history. In the Bronze Age, central Europe was a
relatively primitive place compared with the kingdoms of Egypt
and the great city-states of Mesopotamia. The land was populated
largely by preliterate farmers, living in small communities, who
supported themselves with mixed agriculture and hunting. Without
any written records, scientists trying to draw a picture of the
ancient Europeans have had to rely on what they could discover
from excavations. "We have lots of cemeteries and lots of
settlements," says Peter Wells, director of the Center for
Ancient Studies at the University of Minnesota. "But rarely do
we get a glimpse of actual people using their artifacts in
everyday life."
</p>
<p> In that respect, the Iceman has already yielded a trove of
detail. He was a 20- to 40-year-old man, about 160 cm (5 ft. 3
in.) tall, with tattoos in the shape of crosses and lines. The
wear on his teeth suggests a diet of meat and stone-ground
meal. (An analysis of his stomach contents may yield more
information about his eating habits.) Well equipped for an
Alpine trip, he wore a jacket of tanned leather stitched
together with fine thongs. His leather boots were lined with hay
to keep out the winter chill.
</p>
<p> What was he doing in the mountains? He was probably not a
hunter, since most of the deer, badgers and wild pigs would have
been found in forests at lower altitudes. He may have been
searching for gold and other precious metals. He could have been
on the run, hiding from enemies in the treacherous mountain
passes. Or, says Spindler, he may simply have been on his way
to visit a friend in the next valley--a trip disastrous for
him but lucky for scientists 40 centuries in the future.
</p>
</body></article>
</text>